NEW BORN RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

Respiratory distress in newborns is characterized by several key signs, including nasal flaring, chest retractions, rapid breathing (tachypnea), and grunting. Nasal flaring occurs as the infant attempts to decrease airway resistance and improve airflow. Retractions of the suprasternal area typically indicate an obstruction in the upper airway, while subcostal retractions may suggest underlying pulmonary or cardiac issues, though they are less specific. Normally, newborns breathe between 30 and 60 times per minute. When tidal volume decreases, infants compensate by increasing their respiratory rate to maintain adequate ventilation. Grunting during expiration is a common response, where the infant partially closes the glottis to preserve lung volume and optimize gas exchange. In severe cases, additional symptoms such as cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin) and gasping may be observed, indicating advanced respiratory distress.

 

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